April 13, 2015 | Morning Headlines.

Main Story

Puntland To Contribute 3000 Soldiers To Nat’l Army, Another Deal Signed

12 April – Source: Garowe Online – 258 Words

The Federal Government of Somalia and the northeastern state of Puntland have signed a bilateral agreement after a two-day long meeting in the state capital of Garowe on Sunday, Garowe Online reports. Puntland agreed to contribute 3000 troops to the Somali National Army (SNA) as a step towards building an inclusive and capable fighting force as the government faces growing deadly rampages by Al Qaeda linked Al Shabaab militants, largely in central and southern Somalia. Under the new deal, set to take effect in less than 6 months, the two sides say they will have a unified standpoint on the country’s framework for action (Vision 2016), unveiling a follow-up conference that will bring the government and federal member states together in April in Garowe. “Parties acknowledged the role of federal member states in the issuance of laws ahead of parliamentary approval and nomination of national level commission members as per the Federal Constitution,” stated the bilateral agreement.

The government and Puntland also agreed to honor the two-party agreement signed by former Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed Mohamed and the Puntland President on October 14, 2014. Prime Minister Sharmarke and the president of Puntland leader witnessed the signing ceremony at the Health Ministry headquarters. In the preceding deal, the two sides proposed a parliamentary oversight committee to oversee the Provisional Federal Constitution (PFC), with Mudug region which has long been a bone of contention split into North and South. Meanwhile, insiders tell Garowe Online that Prime Minister Sharmarke cut his three-day visit to Puntland short following an official invitation from the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

Key Headlines

Puntland To Contribute 3000 Soldiers To National Army Another Deal Signed (Garowe Online)
Heavy Explosion Rocks Mogadishu (Goobjoog News)
Kenyan troops to withdraw from Somalia in 2017 Says Minister (Horseed Media)
Central State Formation Convention Postponed To Monday (Garowe Online)
Security Sweeps In The Somali Capital (Radio Danan)
Opposition leaders call for US backing for KDF withdrawal from Somalia (Standard Media)
Khalifa Foundation To Foot Treatment Bill Of Somalia’s Terror Attack Victim (Emirates News Agency)
Somali Border Wall A Waste Of Funds – Opposition Leaders (Standard Digital)
Kenya Tells UN To Close Dadaab Camp After Garissa Attack (BBC)
Somali Refugees Flee Yemen Fighting To Return To War-Torn Home (AFP/Yahoo News)
Somali Refugees Feel Remittance Pain After Kenya Attack (IRIN News)
Don’t Block Remittances To Somalia (The New York Times)
How Kenya Brought The Al-Shabaab Cancer Home (Daily Nation)
Why US-Somalia Remittance Corridor Is Ripe For Mobile Transfers (The East African)

PRESS STATEMENT

AU Special Representative Re-affirms AMISOM’s Continued Support To The Somali National Army On Its 55th Anniversary

12 April – Source: AMISOM – 206 Words

The Special Representative of the Chairperson of the African Union Commission (SRCC) for Somalia Ambassador Maman Sidikou has described the role of the Somali National Army (SNA) in liberating areas previously held by the terrorist group Al-Shabaab as a critical contribution towards peace and stability in the country.
As the Somali National Army marks its 55th Anniversary, Ambassador Sidikou said the SNA which is now recovering and rebuilding after being disbanded during the last two decades of civil war has played an important role in liberating most of South Central Somalia with the Support of AMISOM.
He said; “As we commemorate the 55th anniversary of the Somali National Army today,I pay tribute to the efforts of the Somali men and women who are sacrificing their lives to make a contribution towards peace and stability in their country by defeating the terror group Al-Shabaab.” While noting that the SNA is still facing some challenges, the AU Special Representative re-affirmed AMISOM’s commitment to continuing the ongoing training and mentoring as part of the African Union’s contribution to the rebuilding of a strong and professional Defence Force. The Somali National Army was founded in 1960 under the command of late General Daud Abdulle Hirsi, a renowned Somali hero.

SOMALI MEDIA

Heavy Explosion Rocks Mogadishu

12 April – Source: Goobjoog News – 90 Words

A deafening explosion was heard on Sunday at one of Mogadishu’s main roads. Local residents say the explosion was aimed at a convoy of federal government forces in the area. SNA forces engulfed the scene, but the casualties of the explosion remain unknown. The attack coincided with the Somali National Army is marking its 55th anniversary. No one has claimed responsibility for the attack.

Kenyan Troops To Withdraw From Somalia In 2017, Says Minister

11 April – Source: Horseed Media – 174 Words

Kenya will withdraw its troops from Somalia in 2017, said Somalia’s ministry for Foreign Affairs. The Somali Foreign Minister, Mr Abdisalam Omar Hadliye, who is currently on a visit to Kenya, said that the troops’ withdrawal is part of an agreement reached with the African Union. “Our forces, which are currently rebuilding, will be ready to take over from them,” he said in an interview with the Kenyan-based television station Citizen News. The Kenyan military crossed into Somalia in 2011 to battle Al-Shabaab, which it blamed for kidnapping tourists in the coastal region. In retaliation, the terrorist group has launched a spate of attacks in the East African nation. In 2012, the troops formally joined the African Union mission in Somalia (AMISOM) following the recapture of the strategic port town of Kismayo from the al-Shabaab militants. Last week, opposition parties in Kenya called for the government to make an immediate withdrawal from Somalia after a series of deadly attacks launched by the militant group in the country.

Central State Formation Convention Postponed To Monday

11 April – Source: Garowe Online – 154 Words

Despite deeply embedded divisions over the venue of the Central State formation convention, organizers on Saturday said that the regional gathering has been postponed to Monday due to technical issues, Garowe Online reports. Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud on Thursday declared Dhusamareb the capital city of the upcoming Central State, and slated the state formation conference for April 11. Ethiopian-AMISOM forces have already reached Adado town in Galgadud region where the delegates representing South Mudug and Galgadud continue to arrive. Himan and Heeb local administrators protested President Mohamud’s move to crown Dhusamareb as the administrative capital of the anticipated federal state. There has been a bitter division among local clans over the conference venue, and the headquarters of central state. A federal government delegation led by the Interior Minister is expected to oversee the forthcoming conference in Adado. No official comments on the postponement of convention were released to the media.

Security Sweeps In The Somali Capital

11 April – Source: Radio Danan -144 Words

Somalia’s security forces shut down key roads in the Somali capital, and conducted door-to-door search operations in the in the seaside city which has seen numerous deadly attacks by the Al-Qaeda linked Al-Shabab fighters, officials said. Police, aided by intelligence officers, pressed ahead with the search operation in neighborhoods along the key industrial road in Mogadishu, arresting suspected militants. Last week, militants attacked a university campus in northern Kenya, killing at least 147 people, mostly students. Al-Shabab militants previously carried out deadly attacks against lawmakers and U.N. staff. In 2013 the group attacked an upscale mall in Nairobi, saying it was a retaliation for the Kenyan troops sent under the African Union banner to fight the militants. Al-Shabab, which has links with al-Qaida, vowed to step up attacks during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan.

REGIONAL MEDIA

Opposition leaders call for US backing for KDF withdrawal from Somalia

11 April – Source: Standard Media – 437 Words

CORD leaders Raila Odinga and Kalonzo Musyoka held discussions with visiting US senators and Representatives on Friday evening. During the dinner meeting hosted by Raila Odinga at his home for the visiting legislators, the two groups discussed the upcoming visit to Kenya by US President Barack Obama and Kenya’s security challenges and war on terror. The Opposition leaders welcomed President Obama’s “long overdue homecoming” and promised him a warm welcome. Raila and Kalonzo impressed on the US to help Kenya tackle its security challenges by rallying the international community to play an increased active role in the stabilsation of Somalia. The Kenyan leaders particularly asked the US to rally the international community to rally other countries to move into Somalia and facilitate the withdrawal of the Kenyan troops from Somalia. Raila explained that Kenya moved into Somalia to drive Al Shabaab from its borders and not to be in the country forever.

“We moved in there out of frustration and a feeling that the international community was too slow or unconcerned to come to our aid and so we needed to take care of ourselves. It is our position in Opposition that we now need to retreat and concentrate on securing our borders. We appeal to the US to mobilise other countries that do not share a border with Somalia to move in and let Kenya move out,” Raila said. Kalonzo, a former Vice President who also served as Kenya’s foreign Minister while Somalia collapsed, reiterated that a withdrawal from Somalia would not be a matter of cowardice or abdication of international obligations by Kenya but a strategic move in national interest. “I have been involved with Somalia for long. I witnessed the withdrawal of US troops when it became clear that Operation Restore Hope was becoming a disaster. The US was not running away. It was making a strategic retreat to reorganize and restrategise. That is what we are asking our country to do,” Kalonzo said.

Khalifa Foundation To Foot Treatment Bill Of Somalia’s Terror Attack Victim

11 April – Source: Emirates News Agency – 225 Words

In implementation of instructions by President His Highness Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan and His Highness Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces, the Khalifa Foundation will bear the cost of treatment of Anab Mohammed, a Somali woman, who was injured in the terrorist attack on a hotel in Somali capital of Mogadishu in March. The Somali woman, who was welcomed upon arrival Abu Dhai by Representatives of the foundation, was immediately taken by an ambulance to the hospital for treatment. A responsible source at the foundation said the Somali wounded woman was airlifted in coordination between the UAE Embassy in Somalia and Somali authorities.

”The patient will receive medical care that is essential to alleviate her suffering and help her to recover faster from injuries,” the source said. He told WAM that the humanitarian gesture reflects the UAE’s solidarity with the people of Somalia, the close ties between the two people and complements the humanitarian initiatives the UAE is undertaking to ease suffering of the Somali people. On her part, the Somali injured woman paid tribute to the UAE leadership and people as well as the Khalifa Foundation for the humanitarian kind gesture. Twelve injured people from Somalia are currently receiving medical treatment in different hospitals in the UAE.

Somali Border Wall A Waste Of Funds – Opposition Leaders

11 April – Source; Standard Digital – 396 Words

A section of opposition leaders have faulted the government move to construct a wall along her border with Somali over terror attacks. They said that the move by government was a waste of funds and inability to come up with a proper solution of fighting terrorism in the country. Speaking in Bondo on Friday during the launch of identification (IDs) and voter registration cards campaign, the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) leaders maintained that the government had failed on security matters. Condemning the decision of the government, Siaya county Governor Cornel Rasanga said the insecurity issue was initiated by the national government. Rasanga noted that the information flow on security matters was not efficient in the country at all stating that the wall is a chance to embezzle funds. “They should have a human wall of soldiers. Let them come and line at the border day in and out to ensure security. Withdrawing the troops should be viewed as a technical retreat to organize the forces and not a failure,” said Rasanga.

Rasanga added: ”There are two wars being fought. As KDF is still fighting unconventional war, alshabab are fighting guerilla war. That is something the government should look at.” Bondo MP Oburu Oginga said that erecting a wall along the borders was a political decision and not intended to solve the serious security problem in the country. “This is pure corruption. Some of these things are brewed from Kenya and it is going to be difficult to help fight terrorism if Alshabaab is being brewed within the Kenyan boundaries,” he said. Oburu maintained that the solution of fighting terrorism was to withdraw the Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) from Somali. Bondo MP Gideon Ochanda warned North Eastern leaders that the ountry is watching how things are unfolding and it may soon turn out to be bad. “These people have strong indications on the people involved in terrorist acts, from the way they are talking. We have been respecting the process of integration of communities in this country. It is not going to be easy for the rest of the country to integrate well with them. We want to integrate cohesively with our cushite brothers from the North but they have to give information on terrorism,” said Ochanda.

INTERNATIONAL MEDIA

Kenya Tells UN To Close Dadaab Camp After Garissa Attack

11 April – Source: BBC – 325 Words

Kenya’s Deputy President William Ruto has called on the United Nations to close the Dadaab refugee camp and relocate more than 500,000 Somalis. Dadaab, near the border with Somalia, is the largest refugee camp in Africa. On 2 April, Somali militants from the al-Shabab Islamist movement attacked a college in the Kenyan town of Garissa, killing 148 students. But the head of the UN refugee agency UNHCR in Kenya told the BBC they had not been asked to close the camp. Mr Ruto said UNHCR had three months to close Dadaab and make alternative arrangements for its residents – otherwise, Kenya would “relocate them ourselves”, he said. Raouf Mazou, country representative for UNHCR in Kenya, said he heard about the government’s intentions in the news. Dadaab was set up in 1991 to house families fleeing conflict in Somalia. Some people have been living at the site for more than 20 years.

Kenyan MPs and governors have previously accused al-Shabab of hiding out in the Dadaab camp. Al-Shabab was also behind a deadly siege at the Westgate shopping mall in Nairobi in 2013. Speaking on Saturday, Mr Ruto insisted Dadaab should be closed down and its residents moved back to Somalia. “The way America changed after 9/11 is the way Kenya will change after Garissa,” he added. Macharia Munene, professor of international relations at a Kenyan university, told the Reuters news agency that moving hundreds of thousands of refugees across the border would be “a tall order”. But he said there were now safe areas within Somalia, from where al-Shabab militants had been chased out by African Union forces. Kenya has also started building a 700km (440-mile) wall along the entire length of the border with Somalia to keep out members of al-Shabab. “We must secure this country at whatever cost. Even if we lose business with Somalia, so be it,” said Mr Ruto.

Somali Refugees Flee Yemen Fighting To Return To War-Torn Home

11 April – Source: AFP/Yahoo News – 216 Words

Somali refugees in Yemen are now coming back to their war-torn home as fighting rages in the Middle East country, officials said Saturday. A boat carrying 260 Somali refugees, many of them women, children and elderly, has become the latest to dock at Somalia’s Bossasso port in the Puntland semi-autonomous region. “About 420 people have arrived previously and we are also expecting many more,” said Abdulahi Hashi, Puntland’s deputy interior minister. According to the United Nations’ refugee agency, the flow of refugees fleeing the Horn of Africa for Yemen has gone into reverse now that the Middle East country is engulfed in fighting between supporters of the president and Shiite rebels.

“In the past 10 days, some 900 people have crossed the Gulf Aden to Djibouti, Somalia’s Puntland and Somaliland,” said a statement by UNHCR, adding that those fleeing also included Yemenis. Horn of Africa refugees accounted for nearly all of the 250,000 refugees registered in Yemen. Puntland lies in Somalia’s north, where regions are impoverished and have suffered the knock-on effects of years of outright civil war further south, but are largely peaceful. In the southern parts of the Horn of Africa nation, African Union and Somali troops continue to battle Al-Qaeda-linked Shebab insurgents.

Somali Refugees Feel Remittance Pain After Kenya Attack

10 April – Source IRIN News – 867 Words

Hundreds of thousands of Somali refugees are among those hardest hit by Kenya’s closure of remittance firms in the wake of the 2 April shooting of at least 147 university students in Garissa by Al-Shabab militants. Thirteen such firms had their licences revoked on 7 April by the Central Bank of Kenya in a measure the government said was designed to curb the financing of terrorism. Although increasingly a regional entity, Al-Shabab is predominantly a Somali insurgency and Kenyan officials have frequently claimed that it recruits and plans operations from within refugee camps. Kenya has hosted Somali refugees for more than 20 years, mostly in the eastern Dadaab complex, which is currently home to more than 350,000 refugees and asylum seekers. “Remittances are very important,” said John Kisimir, a spokesman for World Vision, an aid agency with programmes in Dadaab.

The closures mean “most families won’t be able to receive money from friends and families from abroad. It will make things difficult for people who already have a very difficult life. Refugees have no access to jobs, no other sources of income. They are no longer free to move across the country but are confined to the camp, or they face arrest,” he told IRIN. Kisimir explained that while refugees do receive aid from the World Food Programme, “food aid is never enough.” “Remittances fill the gap between what humanitarian agencies supply and what people need. No humanitarian agency will give sugar, for example. Remittances help refugees normalize their lives and hold their heads up with dignity.” “A refugee’s life is very simple. $100 a month will take them a long way,” he added. In Dadaab, which consists of several separate camps, there are some 30 remittance outlets, outside of which hundreds of customers queue every day to collect money sent by friends and relatives abroad. Recipients spend the money on food, clothes, medicine and education. Even firms not on the list have now suspended their businesses, for fear of harassment by police.

SOCIAL MEDIA

CULTURE / OPINION / EDITORIAL / ANALYSIS / BLOGS/ DISCUSSION BOARDS

“The Shabab’s recent attacks show why we must make it easier to send verified humanitarian remittances to the Horn of Africa — not harder. There have been only a few reported cases of remittances actually reaching the Shabab in the last two decades. The funds were minimal, in one case about $8,000 and in the other about $200…Safe and transparent channels of humanitarian remittances must be able to reach desperately poor and struggling nations while ensuring funds are not reaching terrorists. The stability and safety of the Horn of Africa is at stake.”

Don’t Block Remittances To Somalia

10 April – Source: The New York Times – 755 Words

Ayan Hassan works as a medical professional in Minnesota to support her family in Somalia. Her mother, stepmother, six siblings and her blind uncle depend on her remittances, the money she sends home every month. The money goes toward food, water, doctor visits, housing and tuition. If she couldn’t send money to Somalia, she worries, her 14-year-old brother might drop out of school and be recruited by extremists. But her worries may soon be realized. Banks, afraid of running afoul of government anti-laundering regulations, are pulling the plug on remittance services to Somalia. If nothing is done, the Hasan family may have to face life without help from Ayan. My district is home to one of the largest Somali communities in the world. Somali-Americans are proud of Somalia’s progress in the last few years. The nation successfully fought oppressive colonization and ended the ensuing decades of dictatorship and civil war. While millions still live in poverty, Somalia is establishing a legitimate government recognized by the international community.

The fragile progress in Somalia and other parts of East Africa is sustained in part by money sent from friends and family overseas. Every year Somali-Americans send about $215 million to Somalia, more than the $200 million annual aid package from the American government. Remittances from around the world account for up to 40 percent of Somalia’s gross domestic product. This money keeps Somalis from going hungry, sends their children to school and provides seed capital for entrepreneurs to start businesses. And it limits the appeal of insurgent organizations like the Shabab; a pipeline from family members abroad makes it easier to reject the money that terrorist groups use to attract recruits. Thanks in part to this growing stability, Somalia and its international partners have made important gains in fighting terrorism in the region. The United States has made significant investments in the African Union Mission in Somalia and other military efforts to root out terrorist activity. Unfortunately, the remittances lifeline from the United States may soon be cut off completely. In February, the bank that handled up to 80 percent of remittances to Somalia closed the accounts of remittance businesses that provide money-transfer services from the United States. In May, one of the few remaining banks will also close accounts. And this week, Kenya suspended the licenses of 13 Somali remittance firms in response to the brutal murder last week of 148 students at Garissa University College.

“The words of former US Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Johnnie Carson in 2010 to a high powered Kenyan delegation were exceptionally prophetic. On that day, January 10, 2010, on the sidelines of African Union Summit in Addis Ababa, Mr Carson, tactfully declined a request to support Kenyan invasion of Somalia by asking a number of hard questions. Some of his main worries were that the mission could turn out to be more complicated and expensive than the Kenyans had forecast. He queried whether the government had a plan should the Kenyan troops be defeated and whether the government was ready for the domestic repercussions of the mission.”

How Kenya Brought The Al-Shabaab Cancer Home

11 April – Source: Daily Nation – 1,599 Words

Details of how Kenya inserted itself into the messy theatre of Somalia through the training of young ethnic Kenyan Somalis against the advice of allies such as the US are revealed in great detail in leaked American embassy cables reviewed by the Sunday Nation. Kenya had grown increasingly alarmed by the chaos in the neighbouring country from 2009 after Al-Shabaab rallied hundreds of fighters from around the world to fight the “Christian invaders” following the December 2006 invasion of Somalia by Ethiopia. The withdrawal of the Ethiopians in 2009 had greatly strengthened the Shabaab, which strongly expanded its field of operations to the region near the Kenyan border. Al-Shabaab smuggled goods into Kenya from the port of Kismayu, which it controlled and which was its main source of revenue. More worryingly, it started recruiting Kenyans of Somali origin especially from Isiolo, Nairobi, Mombasa and the larger North Eastern Province into its ranks. Kenya decided to act. Cables released by the anti-secrecy website WikiLeaks, indicate that the Kenyan government started sharing with its international security partners its intentions to directly intervene in Somalia from around September 2009. In a cable dated September 4, 2009, which was filed by US ambassador to Kenya Michael Ranneberger, Kenyan military officials asked for help from the US.

“Somali and Kenyan officials are working in concert to support a locally-driven effort in Lower Juba and Gedo to expel Al-Shabaab. Somali President Sheikh Sharif and the Kenyan government have asked us to support the plan with weapons, medical supplies, communications and intelligence,” he wrote. The person most likely to have sold to Kenya the idea for the operation in Somalia is Ras Kamboni warlord Sheikh Ahmed Madobe, a former member of the Shabaab who defected in protest at its brutal methods, and had been engaged against Al-Shabaab for long. As early as 2009, Madobe had been urging another Ras Kamboni warlord, Ibrahim Shukri, to close ranks with him and flush out the Shabaab militants. Madobe, the governor of Kismayu during the reign of the Islamic Courts Union, a group of clerics who tried to impose order in Somalia after years of chaos, was well known to Kenyan security officials. He fled towards Kenya when ICU fell and was wounded and captured by Ethiopians but released later. Now back in Kismayu, he proposed to Shukri the idea of forming a Jubaland government and started seeking the support of the US, Kenya and Transitional Federal Government of Somalia. WikiLeaks cable indicates that the Americans first learned from Mabobe of Kenya’s intention to join hands with the federal government and the Ras Kamboni Brigade to flush out the Islamists in early 2009.

“Their channels for working through traditional financial institutions continue to narrow, however, and it is entirely possible that they will soon run out of options. The US-Somalia remittance corridor is ripe for disruption, yet no significant challenger has emerged to replace the bank-based system that has dominated it so far. Bitcoin remains in an uncertain condition, too new and untested a technology to satisfy the needs and concerns of impoverished Somalis and their families abroad (and, indeed, its use would somewhat defeat the regulators’ desire for transparency and accountability).”

Why US-Somalia Remittance Corridor Is Ripe For Mobile Transfers

11 April – Source: The East African – 1,088 Words

In early February, a group of United States Senators, Congressmen and Congresswomen sent a letter to the Secretary of State John Kerry asking for a meeting to discuss an “emergency plan to address the acute shortage of lifesaving money transmission services to Somalia, and discuss how we can move forward toward a sustainable, longer-term framework for facilitating lawful money transfers through transparent channels.” This followed the announcement by the Californian Merchant’s Bank that it was closing the accounts of money service businesses (MSBs) that handled transfers to Somalia. The result, said the politicians, citing Oxfam, was the loss of the greater part of $215 million that was sent in 2014 from the US to Somalia, “most of which was used to meet basic humanitarian needs.” The plea from the members of Congress highlights the dilemma faced by financial institutions when handling transactions involving unstable countries. The penalties for financial institutions for running foul of anti-money laundering/countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) laws and regulations can be huge. Traditionally an industry known for risk-aversion and erring on the side of caution, most banks have come to view dealing with Somalia as being simply too risky.

Over the course of the past several years, the noose has slowly been tightening around remittance corridors to Somalia from wealthy countries such as the UK, Australia and the US. In late 2012, HSBC was fined an eye-watering $1.9 billion for failing to implement an effective programme against money laundering, and also failing to conduct adequate or any due diligence on some account holders. Some six months later, Barclays announced the closure of the accounts of all money transfer organisations (MTOs) in the UK that dealt with Somalia, though it was later ordered by a court to stay the closures. A British Member of Parliament attributed Barclays’s move to “decisions made in the US… had a knock-on effect on our banks and their choice to withdraw banking facilities.” Over the next two years most other banks in the UK, US, Australia and elsewhere followed suit until finally, as a Centre for Global Development blog post put it, “and then there were none.” Merchant’s Bank of California had previously handled the vast majority of transfers from the US to Somalia, but in June 2014 was issued with a Consent Order by the Treasury Department that required Merchant’s Bank to ensure money service businesses holding an account with them “maintain sufficient transparency to reasonably ensure the legitimacy of the sources and uses of customer funds.” It is the latter requirement from the Treasury’s Comptroller of Currency that is causing difficulties for the money service businesses. The authority of Somalia’s Federal Government does not extend much beyond the capital, Mogadishu, and the country has no central bank. This has created something of a Catch-22 in the country, where the total value of remittances is greater than foreign aid and foreign direct investment combined.